A Short History of Games
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“Huizinga (1976) stated that play is older than culture. And according to Aveline (1961), Man played before the original sin”.
De Grandmont, “The Pedagogy of Play”
Plato already valued the importance of play in education: when it came to early childhood, he recommended instruction through games rather than through violence.
Since that ancient time, children have been given letter games made of ivory, bread or biscuits. And although all games were abolished during the Dark Ages because they were viewed as a trivial waste of time, they reappeared in teaching during the Renaissance. Little by little, the Church started accepting the benefits of play, and with the introduction of copper engraving making color printing possible, the first knowledge games were created in the form of double-faced cards. In the 17th century, games became accepted and started being created for teaching purposes: religion, science, grammar and geography were all taught through games. In fact, this was the first time the term pedagogy was associated with games. It was as of this time that schools started having courtyards, and the meaning of the word “recess” changed forever: it was no longer viewed as an occasion for rest and relaxation, but instead as a time of energetic and constructive outdoors activity. From that point on, pedagogy was supposed to attract the pupil, making learning synonymous with passion rather than fear.
In Central America, play was understood completely differently. It was based on religion, and its purpose was to restore universal time. There was no pleasure or fun in it, but rather just commitment to a cause. The utilitarian Aztec community rejected play simply as an activity to expend energy: it was to come from fear of myths rather than personal motivation. Still, at first sight, many games from that society look identical to occidental ones.
In the 18th century, pedagogy became a real science with systems and techniques. From then on, teaching was no longer individualized: thanks to blackboards, instructors could reach whole groups of pupils. The 19th century came with a neglect of games, viewed once again as boring and frivolous: play was no longer accepted as a teaching tool. But this only paved the way for its return in the 20th century, stronger and more diverse than ever.
But the biggest change occurred in the 50s, when education became mandatory and free. Classes started accepting more students and, more importantly, they became socially diverse. Games seemed necessary for a quick general understanding, and started being mass-produced. It was at that time that they began having user manuals and several components in the form of kits. A new industry was born.
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